irregular word

Word Type Definitions Specific to Individual Students

Type of Word	General Definition	Definition Related to Individual Readers
Regular Words	Are decodable because they conform to phonetic rules	Are restricted to those words for which the reader HAS MASTERED all of the letter sounds and phonetic rules
Irregular Words	Are not decodable because they do not conform to phonetic rules	Include all words for which the reader has NOT MASTERED all of the letter sounds and phonetic rules
Sight Words	Are recognized automatically	Also includes high frequency words that the reader needs to learn to recognize automatically

In general, regular words are those words that have common letter patterns and can be easily sounded out, but the definition changes in relation to individual readers. For individual readers, regular words are those for which the reader has mastered all of the phoneme-grapheme associations and letter patterns. Words that may be considered regular for one reader may be considered irregular for the next because different readers may have mastered different phoneme-grapheme associations and phonetic rules. When working with students with reading disabilities, this is especially important to remember.

In general, irregular words are not able to be accurately decoded because they do not conform to phonetic rules; however, in relation to individual readers irregular words are any words for which the reader has not mastered the letter sounds and the phonetic rules. The result is that even though some words might be considered regular for most people, these same words would be considered irregular words for those who do not have the letter-sound or phonetic knowledge to sound them out.

In general, sight words can be either regular or irregular words that a reader recognizes instantaneously. Most readers need to be exposed to a new word over a dozen times in order to be able to recognize it automatically; however, individuals with reading disabilities may require many more exposures to learn a new word. One factor that differentiates proficient readers from poorer readers is the size of the sight word vocabulary. Proficient readers have extensive sight word vocabularies; beginning readers have small ones.

Another category of sight words is high frequency words. These are words that are used so frequently in written language that all readers need to learn to recognize them automatically. These may be decodable words or undecodable words. Some high frequency words are IN, OF, THE, THAT, IS, WAS, WHEN, WHERE, WHY, AND, HOW.

reported speech definition

We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say, think or believe.

• He says he wants it.
• We think you are right.
• I believe he loves her.
• Yesterday you said you didn't like it but now you do!
• She told me he had asked her to marry him.
• I told you she was ill.
• We thought he was in Australia.

When we are reporting things in the present, future or present perfect we don't change the tense.

• He thinks he loves her.
• I'll tell her you are coming.
• He has said he'll do it.

When we tell people what someone has said in the past, we generally make the tense 'more in the past'.

• You look very nice. = I told him he looked very nice.
• He's working in Siberia now. = She told me he was working in Siberia now.
• Polly has bought a new car. = She said Polly had bought a new car.
• Jo can't come for the weekend. = She said Jo couldn't come for the weekend.
• Paul called and left a message. = He told me Paul had called and had left me a message.
• I'll give you a hand. = He said he would give me a hand.

However, when we are reporting something that was said in the past but is still true, it is not obligatory to make the tense 'more in the past'. The choice is up to the speaker. For example:

"The train doesn't stop here."

• He said the train doesn't stop here.
• He said the train didn't stop here.

"I like Sarah."

• She said she likes Sarah.
• She said she liked Sarah.

When we are reporting what was said, we sometimes have to change other words in the sentence.

We have to change the pronoun if we are reporting what someone else said. Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I don't want to go."

• I said I didn't want to go.
• Bill said he didn't want to go.

We have to change words referring to 'here and now' if we are reporting what was said in a different place or time.
Compare these two sentences. In each case the person actually said "I'll be there at ten tomorrow."

• (If it is later the same day) He said he would be there at ten tomorrow.
• (If it is the next day) He said he would be there at ten today.

Now compare these two sentences.

• (If we are in a different place) He said he would be there tomorrow at ten.
• (If we are in the place he is coming to) He said he would be here at ten tomorrow.

how to make reported speech

We use reported speech when we want to repeat what someone had previously said.
Let's look at the difference between direct speech and reported speech:
Direct Tomie said = 'I am tired.'
Reported Speech = 'Tomie said (that) she was tired.'
In reported speech we need to use the past tense form of the verb. In direct speech the present tense is used. As you can see, in the above sentence 'am' changes to 'was' when we use reported speech.

changing to the past tense to make reported speech

Here are some of the important verb changes we use when making reported speech:

am becomes was

Direct John: 'I am going.'
Reported: 'John said that he was going.'

is becomes was

Direct John: 'She is tall.'
Reported: 'John said that she was tall.'

do becomes did

Direct John: 'I always do my homework.'
Reported: 'John said that he always did his homework.'

does becomes did

Direct John: 'My mother does the cleaning.'
Reported: 'John said that his mother did the cleaning.'

have becomes had

Direct John: 'I have your number.'
Reported: 'John said that he had my number.'

has becomes had

Direct John: 'He has caught a cold.'
Reported: 'John said that he had caught a cold.'

go becomes went

Direct John: 'I go shopping on Sunday.'
Reported: 'John said that he went shopping on Sunday.'

will becomes would

Direct John: 'I will call Frank.'
Reported: 'John said that he would call Frank.'

can becomes could

Direct John: 'I can ride a horse.'
Reported: 'John said that he could ride a horse.'

want becomes wanted

Direct John: 'I want a girlfriend.'
Reported: 'John said that he wanted a girlfriend.'

When not to change the verb tense

When direct speech uses the past tense we do not need to make a change:
Direct John: 'I broke my arm.'
Reported: 'John said that he broke his arm.'
It is also OK to change the past tense to the past perfect:
Direct John: 'I broke my arm.'
Reported: 'John said that he had broken his arm.'

using reported speech for questions

So far we have looked at using 'said' in reported speech. When a question is asked we do not use 'said'. Instead we use 'asked'.
We also need to use an interrogative (wh- word) or if / whether.
Take a look at the examples:

questions using interrogatives

Direct John: 'What is your name?'
Reported: 'John asked me what my name was.'
Direct John: 'Where does she live?'
Reported: 'John asked me where she lived.'

questions using if / whether

Direct John: 'Does he play golf?'
Reported: 'John asked if he played golf.'
Reported: 'John asked whether he played golf.'

using reported speech for requests

As we have seen, 'said' is used for statements and 'asked' is used for requests. We use 'told' for requests and 'to' before the clause:
Direct John: 'Go home'
Reported: 'John told me to go.'
Direct John: 'Stop crying'
Reported: 'John told me to stop crying.'

using suggestions in reported speech

When someone gives us advice in direct speech we use 'suggested' or 'recommended' in reported speech:
Direct John: 'You should take a holiday'
Reported: 'John suggested that I took a holiday.'
Direct John: 'You should take a holiday'
Reported: 'John recommended that I took a holiday.'
For stronger language we can use 'insist' or 'demand':
Direct John: 'You must see a doctor.'
Reported: 'John insisted that I saw a doctor.'
Reported: 'John demanded that I saw a doctor.'

EXAMPLE FOR REPORTED SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH TO REPORTED SPEECH

Tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	“I like ice cream”	She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous	“I am living in London”	She said she was living in London.
past simple	“I bought a car”	She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.
past continuous	“I was walking along the street”	She said she had been walking along the street.
present perfect	“I haven't seen Julie”	She said she hadn't seen Julie.
past perfect*	“I had taken English lessons before”	She said she had taken English lessons before.
will	“I'll see you later”	She said she would see me later.
can	“I can speak perfect English”	She said she could speak perfect English.
could*	“I could swim when I was four”	She said she could swim when she was four.
shall	“I shall come later”	She said she would come later.

BAGIAN YANG PALING PENTING DIANTARA 6 PILAR KARAKTER

Menurut saya semua bagian dari ke enam pilar tersebut sangatlah penting karena semua pilar memiliki kesinambungan dan saling berhubungan dan semua manusia harus memiliki ke enam pilar tersebut. Agar tidak terjadi kegoncangan atau ketidakseimbangan dalam karakter dirinya.Namun bagi saya dari ke enam pilar tersebut KEJUJURAN lah yang paling penting, karena kalau kita sudah mempunyai pilar tersebut pilar pilar lainnya pun dengan sendirinya akan kita miliki juga. Jadi mulai sekarang mulai lah untuk bersikap jujur agar kita memiliki karakter yang bagus dan sempurna.

REPORTED QUESTIONS

Toni asked me “Where is the Post Office, please?”	Toni asked me where the Post Office was.
Maria asked me “What are you doing?”	Maria asked me what I was doing.
Dita asked to me “Who was that fantastic man?”	Dita asked me who that fantastic man had been.
Mario asked me “Have you ever been to Mexico?””	Mario asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
Tika asked me “Are you living here?”	Tika asked me if I was living here.
Vania asked me “Could you bring my book tonight?”	Vania asked me to bring her book that night.
Mike asked me “Would you mind coming early tomorrow?”	Mike asked me to come early the next day.
Nita asked me "where is Julie?"	Nita asked me where Julie was.

10 sentences containing comparative

1. My dog is more beautiful than his dog.
2. A cup of coffee is hotter than a cup of tea.
3. The cat is more clever than the mouse.
4.  That pencil is longer than this pen.
5. One horse is stronger than hundreds of rabbits.
6. Rendang is more delicious than tempe
7. Tita dance as good as Fira
8. Nana's hair is straighter than Nami's hair
9. Bimo speak Deutsch as well as me
10. Kimia is more complicated than Math